Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research 期刊简介

Qualitative research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data.[1] This type of research "refers to the meanings, concepts definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and description of things" and not to their "counts or measures. This research answers how and when a certain phenomenon occurs."[2] Qualitative research approaches are employed across many academic disciplines, focusing particularly on the human elements of the social and natural sciences;[3] in less academic contexts, areas of application include qualitative market research, business, service demonstrations by non-profits,[4] and journalism.[1] As a field of study, qualitative approaches include research concepts and methods from multiple established academic fields. The aim of a qualitative research project may vary with the disciplinary background, such as a psychologist seeking in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior for example. Qualitative methods are best for researching many of the why and how questions of human experience,[3] in making a decision for example (not just what, where, when, or "who"); and have a strong basis in the field of sociology to understand government and social programs. Qualitative research is widely used by political science, social work, and education researchers.[5][6] In the conventional view of statisticians, qualitative methods produce explanations only of the particular cases studied (e.g., as part of an ethnography of a newly implemented government program), any general conclusions beyond the study context are considered tentative propositions (informed assertions), since the general propositions are not usually arrived at on the basis of statistical theory.[citation needed] Quantitative methods are therefore needed, to seek mathematical evidence and justification for such hypotheses for further research. In contrast, a qualitative researcher might argue that understanding of a phenomenon or situation or event, comes from exploring the totality of the situation (e.g., phenomenology, symbolic interactionism), often with access to large amounts of "hard data" of a nonnumerical form. It may begin as a grounded theory approach with the researcher having no previous understanding of the phenomenon; or the study may commence with propositions and proceed in a 'scientific and empirical way' throughout the research process (e.g., Bogdan & Taylor, 1990).

定性研究是一种收集非数值数据的科学观测方法。这类研究“指的是事物的意义、概念、定义、特征、隐喻、符号和描述”，

，而不是“计数或度量”。这项研究回答了某种现象是如何以及何时发生的。“[2]定性研究方法被应用于许多学科，尤其是社会科学和自然科学的人文因素;[3]在较少的学术背景下，应用领域包括定性市场研究、商业、非营利组织的服务演示、[4]和新闻业 作为一个研究领域，定性研究方法包括来自多个已建立的学术领域的研究概念和方法。定性研究项目的目标可能会随着学科背景的不同而变化，例如，心理学家寻求对人类行为的深入理解，以及控制这种行为的原因。定性方法最适合研究人类经验中的许多为什么以及如何产生的问题，例如决策中的[3](而不仅仅是什么、在哪里、何时或“谁”);并具有较强的社会学基础，了解政府和社会项目。定性研究被广泛应用于政治学、社会工作和教育研究中 传统观点的统计学家,定性的方法产生的解释只有特定的案例研究(例如,作为一个民族志新实施的政府程序),任何一般的结论超出了研究上下文被认为是试探性的命题(通知断言),因为一般命题通常不抵达统计理论的基础上。因此，需要定量方法，为这些假设寻找数学证据和理由，以便进一步研究。 相反，定性研究者可能会认为，对现象、情境或事件的理解，来自于对情境整体的探索(如现象学、符号互动主义)，往往可以获得大量非数值形式的“硬数据”。它可能开始作为一个基于理论的方法，研究人员之前没有对现象的理解;或者研究可以从命题开始，并在整个研究过程中以“科学和经验的方式”进行(例如，Bogdan & Taylor, 1990)。

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